Trans atlantiv slave trade free essay sample

Digital usefulness and reliability: what to look for Evaluate the usefulness and reliability of a website that is designed to inform the public about the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The demonstrabilitys website on the slave trade: the African connection is useful because the information on this website shows the events that carried through during 1788 in Africa and it also shows what they slaves had to go through throughout their journey across the Atlantic Ocean.This essay will evaluate the usefulness and reliability of this resource of this website for learning bout the trans-Atlantic slave trade: the African connection. The reason why it is important to evaluate the websites we use as sources is to make sure the information is true and accurate. Authority Its important to find who the author is and if they have any qualifications discussing or writing about a specific topic or if they were a primary source and just writing down their experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Trans atlantiv slave trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Either way it is important to find this information so we know how accurate the information is going to be. Alexander Balconied was a British surgeon who was a part of four slave ship voyages. He later then became an abolitionist, which is someone who is against the slave trade and tries and to stop it from continuing. He had written his experiences and the process in which the Africans were taken away and were being sold as slaves. Alexander was one of the references that were listed at the bottom of the page. Since he is a primary source his opinions and story count.He was able to be involved with the slave trade and he knows the truth. Phillip D. Curtis was another person who contributed to the information on the site. He was a professor at Johns Hopkins University ND a historian of the African slave trade. He has realized a book all about the slave trade. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census is about how many people were shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. He analyses shipping contracts and data from ports that have enabled them to arrive in Brazil, United States and Spanish America.On the site it shows that they have won a number of awards from other websites for example demonstrabilitys. Com has won an award for being one of the best history websites on the internet and a lot of organizations that support and sponsor the website like money. Co. UK. This Bessie is a good website to use because it has a primary source telling us what he has experienced when he worked as a surgeon on a slave ship, a professor who is also a historian that released books on the African slave trade and organizations who sponsor and give out awards to the website because it is reliable.Objectivity The objectivity of the website is if the information on the website is accurate, if it is influenced by emotions and opinions or just fact. It is also to find out what the purpose of the text is. Its important to know these things because if a person wrote something they are passionate about they would exaggerate o persuade you because they are absolutely sure of their opinions and they might not even use true facts. Alexander F-allegorical was an abolitionist as said in the first paragraph. Even though Alexander was an abolitionist he wasnt bias in his text, he just stated what happened during his stay in Africa.The purpose of the text is to inform the rea der that most of the Africans were kidnapped then sold as slaves and what the slaves had to go through. Currency Currency is how often the website updates. If the site is updated regularly it is usually a dependable site. Updating is important because if you havent updated in a while and new information or evidence has come out to prove your point wrong, then all your information on your website is inaccurate. To show that the demonstrabilitys website updates regularly it has the date of when it last updated on the bottom of the home page.The website last updated on the 29th of August 201 3, which shows this website has everything we need to know about the slave trade: the African connection in 1788. Another way they show they update regularly is by having picture of the week. This shows that they at least go on the website once a week to update the weeping to put a new picture. Accuracy The information on the website has to be accurate otherwise it wont be true. Anyone can publish anything on the internet thats why we always have to check if the information is reliable and correct.Alexander Balconied was a primary source because he was there when the slave trade happened, but we can never know one hundred percent if was telling the truth or if he was lying. Although we cannot find the exact truth we still have evidence and other websites, for example learner. Org,lather is great reason to believe, that most of the Negroes shipped off from the coast of Africa, were kidnapped. The information on the slaves being kidnapped on the learner. Org website is the exact same on the demonstrabilitys website because they both used Alexander Balconied as a source. As well as that website the emotional. Org website, they suggest that most of the African slaves were also kidnapped,2 Africans were also kidnapped, though kidnapping was a crime. Coverage Coverage is how much of the information they cover and detailed it is. The information on this website is about the slaves experiences, what the traders forced them to do and the process of slave trading. The text on the site is very n depth because it was told by someone who saw what the traders did to the Africans, he saw them suffer and he knows everything that happened because he was there.The site has a different variety of sources which can give you more insight on the slave trade for the reason tattoo have more information and its not just text that is on the site. It has quotes, images and text so the reader can understand better. In conclusion the eyewitness to history website is reliable and a dependable source to use that can be used to inform people about the events that carried through during 1 788 in Africa ND what happened during the voyages from Africa to the place where the salve were being sold.We can rely on this website because the authors are a primary source and a professor and historian, furthermore the information on the website is not bias, it is up to date and it is also accurate.

How to Write a Speech about Someone

How to Write a Speech about Someone If you are writing a speech about someone such as Martin Luther King is important to understand how to write your speech effectively. Writing a speech about someone such as Martin Luther King can be a challenge because you have to present an outstanding person with speech and text. What is the rhetorical structure? The rhetorical structure for your speech is much the same as every other piece of writing such that you need the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Introduction Within your introduction you should not state the name of the person you were going to write about immediately. If you are writing about Martin Luther King, do not open with his name. Instead, build suspense. Mention some of the most well-known achievements of Dr. King, give the audience a question, or introduce a famous quote. Body Within the body you want to present the reasons you chose this person. What makes this person stand out from everyone else? What is so exciting and remarkable about that person? Think about what you expect your audience to understand when your speech is over, what you want the audience to know and to feel. Inside of the body you should also include a bit of background information on the successes of that person, the trials they faced, and what challenges they overcame. You want to characterize their work, what things they did, how they stood out from the rest, and what their particular style was. You want to introduce their greatest influence or perhaps the sources of their inspiration. You might consider throwing in a funny piece of trivia or a funny fact that people dont know about that person. You can include how they influenced society as well. Conclusion Within the conclusion you want to refer back to your speech and make sure that you not only leave the listener with the message you want them to take home but point some of the future plans about the person you are presenting or perhaps how their life ended and what their contribution means for today. Another way to wrap up the speeches is to end with a meaningful quote from the person about whom you are speaking. If you are writing a speech about Dr. Martin Luther King you can end with a quote from one of his speeches or books. You can also end with a question, something which is thought-provoking for the audience. If the person you are speaking about has led a meaningful life or has left some great lessons to be learned you can end with a reference to those lessons. Some phrases you can use in the introduction include the following: I am sure this individual needs no introduction†¦ Some of you might be wondering why I have selected this person†¦ I am sure most of you are familiar with†¦ To say that this person is influential is an understatement†¦ To say that this person has changed their sphere is an understatement†¦ For the body you might consider using phrases such as the following: Did you know†¦? Im sure all of you will agree that†¦ You might not be aware that†¦ That leads us to†¦ You probably wont be surprised to hear†¦ And were you aware that†¦? For the conclusion you can say things such as the following: I want to leave you with one final thought†¦ Let me just finish by saying the following†¦ In a nutshell it is simple to understand why this person is considered one of the most outstanding people in their sphere. Theres so much more that I could share but for now let me leave you with†¦

Conduct Disorders Over Agression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conduct Disorders Over Agression - Essay Example If left untreated, it may result in social behavioral problems leading to unstable relationships, and severe psychiatric disorders. Conduct disorder and overt aggression among young children and adolescents is a serious health condition as it exposes the society to youth who are likely to inflict physical harm or injury to others and at the same time are extremely vulnerable to cause self inflicting pain by indulging in self deteriorating activities such as substance abuse, incarceration, suicide, homicide, and depression among others. The psychiatric diagnosis of conduct disorder comprises of a set of standards related to aggression, and hence it offers researchers with a vague approximation of its prevalence among young children and adolescents across all communities around the globe. Conduct disorders and overtly aggressive behavior is a clinical concept which refers to the disturbance or tumultuous behavior among the patients which causes a grave violation of the basic rights of other individuals and disrupts the social fabric of the society that we live in. Over physical aggression often involves inflicting physical harm or injury, and use of weapons and requires medical treatment and attention. Past studies and researches conducted in this field, claim that young children with antisocial behavior tend to display a certain degree of "specialization". On the basis of analysis conducted during the course of this research, it was observed that antisocial behavior among children can be understood from two diverse perspectives which includes overt aggression i.e., aggressive destructive behavior and covert misconduct. Overt aggression is largely confrontative in nature and according to studies, is largely motivated by interpersonal conflicts, anger, and a desire to attain and prove superiority and dominance over others. Covert misconduct on the other hand refers to non aggressive anti social acts

Discharge of Contract on the Grounds of Frustration Coursework

Discharge of Contract on the Grounds of Frustration - Coursework Example Jardinia Limited has signed two contracts with Southern Belles which entails the installation and fitting of an industrial size system for the poly-tunnels and green house. Payment for installation will be due on completion of the work. The other contract states that 100 units are to be provided for resale to the general public at a cost of ?250 each to Southern Belles Ltd. A ?5,000 deposit had already been paid. However, a day before completion of the work, a storm destroyed all the installations completely. Southern Belles Limited is therefore claiming that both contracts are discharged on the grounds of frustration with no money to be paid on the fitting contract and the deposit refunded. Force Majeure Clause If either Jardinia Limited or Southern Belles Limited is prevented or stopped from carrying out its duties as it had been agreed upon in the contract (other than their duties to make their payments) by a force majeure event then: The affected party will be relieved from perfo rming its duties as long as the force majeure event continues to pose as an inhibiting factor further affecting in completion of the project. ... e Event, how it has affected its ability to carry out its obligations as it had been agreed upon in the contract and the measures that have been developed by the party to prevent such a Force Majeure Event from occurring and destroying property. The affected party has to establish mitigation measures to eliminate effects of the Force Majeure Event that may prevent it from fulfilling its obligations as stated in the contract. After cessation of the Force Majeure Event, the affected party should provide a written notification to the other party informing it of the cessation of the Force Majeure Event. The party should then continue with performance of its duties as the two parties had agreed on. Southern Belles Limited will give the agreed amount of money to Jardinia Limited for installation of an industrial size system for a green house and poly-tunnels as soon as sales are attained. Southern Belles Limited will use all reasonable efforts to ensure it attains production capabilities. A Force Majeure Event is therefore described as any event that occurs without any knowledge of a party and it is beyond an individual’s reasonable control. The event is unavoidable and does not withstand the reasonable care of a party. A Force Majeure Event at Jardinia Limited will not constitute a Force Majeure Event, unless most of its operations are entirely affected. Force Majeure Clause denotes that the storm triggered the operation of this clause as the contractor could not avoid occurrence of the storm and could still not provide against it. The storm qualifies as a Force Majeure Event since it totally destroyed work that had been done and has as well prevented it from going on as planned. The storm has had severe impacts on the contract as additional costs, time as well as inputs

Language Learning Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Language Learning Activities - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that the linkword method, on the other hand, involves using images to link a word in a learner’s first language with a word in the foreign language the learner is learning. For example if an English speaker is learning French the instructor would provide the learner with an image of the object and its English word, and then link it with a French word for the image. In Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition there are five main hypotheses used to understand the process of language acquisition/language learning. These hypotheses are the acquisition-learning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis, the input hypothesis and the affective filter hypothesis. According to the paper these three methods have advantages and drawbacks. There are certain fundamental principles that ensure success of TPR as a learning activity during the process of language learning. These principles are built upon the second language acqu isition theory by Stephen Krashen. The first principle states a language can be learned easier when a student can be in a position to receive a lot of comprehensible input from the natural surrounding. Comprehensible input means something that is simply understandable through communication which Krashen commonly refers to as the communicative act. The second principle is that a language learner benefits greatly from a ‘silent period’ during the learning process. The silent period is the period when the learner tries to understand and to respond to language instructions without attempting to speak. The silent period is natural and language learners speak only when language has fully developed in their brain. A learner will undergo a process of learning where he/she just receives input but stays for a certain period of time before they can speak the language.

The International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay

The International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay It is not too long ago when people from one part of the world did not know the existence of others. Peoples desire to share knowledge and explore the whole world led to some major exploration likes Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, who made the connection between Europe and America. Before this period, people had no scope to know about knowledge or innovations of others. It was the 16th century A.D. that brought Patagonian Indians to America. During the 17th century Europeans discovered Australia and by that time the whole world was recognized and was ready for contact and trade activity. This can be considered to be the earliest recorded history of the beginning of a new era called globalization. (Daniels et al. ,2002). Although the idea of globalization and its relation to the business world is not too old and it is only in the last two decades that the current trend of globalization has brought a dramatic change to the business world (Thoumrungroje Tansuhaj, 2004). In the book, Globalisation in world business, the author A. G. Hopkins said globalization is not simply a western experience. The key is to understand the globalizing processes which include ancient and modern as well as western and eastern dimensions. The representative of globalisation could be anywhere starting from spiritual leaders and their beliefs to crowned heads and their royal family; travelling soldiers and scholars or even traders or general community people (Bell, 2003). However, Globalization has been defined by Jane Fraser and Jeremy Oppenheim (1997), in the simplest terms, as a process by which the worlds economy is transformed from a set of national and regional markets into a set of markets that operate without regard to national boundaries. WHAT DRIVES IT? In mid 1980s, after facing some fast changes in cold war, East world-West world relation became almost friendly. In addition, after the fall of Soviet Union, lot of emerging markets appeared in the context of world market, with an aspiration to enhance their living standard. In 1990s West German and East Germany re-merged and appeared as a potential industrialist country in world market. Many Eastern Europe countries and transition economies countries joined in European Union. China and India started exporting goods and services to large regions of the globe, particularly to the United States. The powerful economic growth of countries, resulted in enlarged local demands, leading to divergence between provinces, discriminations in income, anxieties about employment, and increases in energy prices (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). The USA market took the leadership role in this current trend of globalization. Factors like decentralization, privatization, deregulation as well as the growth of cyberspace made the globalization process faster. Through decentralization, new trading markets and trading blocs have emerged around the world. The companies are able to produce, buy or sell goods anywhere in the world and meet the local and regional needs. On the other hand, deregulation removed the trade barriers and helped to form NAFTA, LAFTA and World Trade Organization. Also, non government organization became involved in globalization through the process of privatization. Countries like India and China became more involved in global trade due cyberspace and technological improvement (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). Many authors and scholars have talked about many characteristics of globalization around the world. But factors like fast technological progress, the deteriorating role of the nation state, transfer of industrial production from western countries to newly industrialising countries for cheap labour and material are key drivers of globalization (Brown, 1999). THE EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION The effects of globalization are spreading widely day by day. All the major industries and business of both developed and developing countries, along with individuals, are affected by globalization. (Garrette, 2000). The current business environment is more aggressive and competitive and can be characterised as hypercompetitive environment (DAveni, 1994). As markets are becoming more global day by day, the trade involves more countries and economies around the world. World merchandise trade was $157 billion in 1963 and it has become $10,159 in 2005 which is a significant increase of $10 trillion. Also, service trade which used to be $365 billion in 1980 has increased to $2,415 billion (Held Mcgrew, 2007). The effect of globalization brought dramatic changes in the business environment and companies are restructuring their business due to this reason (Jones, 2002). One of the most strategical change and significant business development in the recent years, is the formation of co-marketing alliances (Hwang and Burgers, 1997). Globalization does not always bring good outcome to all people. It has badly affected the job sector of the developed countries, where jobs of manufacturing sector has decreased. As production plants have moved to the low cost producers and unavailability of alternative employment, many are still unemployed. Other issues for developed countries include the debt obligations to international bank. The amount has increased to $1 trillion which has an adverse impact on their economy. The privatisation sector, deregulation and currency adjustment has been affected due to this reason (Roukis, 2006). Globalization has consequences on our culture as well. The globalization of culture also affects cities. As people around the world exchange cultural symbols, they tend to forget their own cultures and identity. The exchange of cultural symbols has increased dramatically in the recent decade due to the availability of communication technologies. (Nijman,1999). Globalization also caused the remarkable increase in inequality between rich and poor countries. Also, globalization is related with globally organized crime, ethnic clash, environmental disaster, and the collapse of many states and the emergence of others, terrorism, militarism, proper democratic system as a political condition for international aid, the rise of civil wars etc. (Santos, 2006). On the other hand, Held Mcgrew (2007) suggests that economic globalization could encourage economic development as well as it could be the only successful path to global poverty reduction. During 1970, there were more than 1400 million people who used to earn less than $2 a day and during 1998, this figure came down to less than 1000 million. WHAT IS MARKETING STRATEGY? According to Varadarajan Clark (1994), Marketing strategy is concerned with the creation of a marketing mix that enables the business to achieve its objectives in a target market. Marketing strategy is the main and most important principle that a firm uses to organize and allocate its resources for generating profit from customers, who are an integrate part of the market (Kim, 2004). Aaker (2009 cited by Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) notes that marketing strategy can involve a variety of functional area strategies including positioning, pricing, distribution, and global strategies. The overriding principle driving a firms marketing strategy is that, marketing strategy depends on the companys vision for its future. This vision generally reflects where the firm expects to position itself in five to ten years-in effect, how the market perceives the firm. The development of a marketing strategy needs a basic assessment of both the firm and the market. The strategy, chosen, has to be the best at increasing the firms assets, with respect to the target market (Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) Also, the key task of international marketing management is to establish a companys overall international strategy which also decides the degree of international integration of the company (Ghauri Cateora, 2006). INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL MARKETING Global marketing or globalization of markets is a key issue for multinational business firms. Many companies who markets global products around the world such as Nestle, Sony, Toyota and many others has to carefully look for opportunities in the international markets. Globalization of markets is a challenging issue for governments and political party or trade unions while business related people or organizations encourage the initiative of open trade which connects different markets by going beyond the national boundary. According to Solberg (1997), cited by Hollensen (1998), the following table explains nine strategic windows which are major motives for firms to internationalise. At immature stage, where firms have little experience, it is better not to go for international markets. Instead they should strength their position in the home market. Also, if firms find themselves smaller and weaker among other multinational firms in the global market, then Solberg (1997) suggests that the firms should try to increase its net assets by attracting potential partners for a future by-out bid. This could be a good option for small and medium size enterprises who are supplying advanced high-tech components to large industrial buyers. Firms also can overcome their competitive disadvantages by going into alliances with other firms. Preparedness for internationalization Mature 3.Go into new business 6. Prepare for globalization 9. Strengthen your global position Adolescent 2.Consolidate your expert markets 5. Consider expansion in international markets 8. Seek global alliances Immature 1. Stay at home 4. Seek niches in international markets 7. Prepare for a buy-out Local Potentially global Global Industry globalism Table. The nine strategic windows , Source: opted from Solberg (1997), cited by Hollensen (1998). The technological advancement of the 21st century has been a key factor behind global marketing. The exchange of information has become easy and transport has become more cheap and comfortable. Consumers around the world wants new and innovative product even if they are being made in the other part of the world because technology makes them aware about the existence of that new product. Business firms accept this commercial reality and as result enjoy greater economies of scale in production or marketing or distribution. As a result, the globalization of business helps them to offer products at a cheaper rate and thus gain a competitive advantage among its competitors (Buzzel et al.,1995). Although global marketing strategy and globalization of markets are two interrelated areas but there is a little difference between them. Global marketing strategy is needed in order to improve the efficiency of operations while globalization of markets is occurring due to the homogeneity of demand across cultures (Ghauri cateora, 2006). Due to the raise in globalization of markets day by day companies find they are inevitably surrounded by foreign consumers as well as their competitors and suppliers. On the other hand, different countries have to admit the limitation of their own assets and the advantage of trade activities outside their own boundaries. Thus engaging in international business for both firms and countries are very much essential. According to Ghauri and Cateora (2006), the following factors play an important role in shaping of international business. Each country or economy is dependent to other economies. The formulation of free trade areas such as ASEAN, EU, APEC and NAFTA and the expansion of business activities in those areas. Countries having greater purchasing power due to their improving economy The arrival of new and potential markets with a large number of customers such as countries like India, China, Russia, Brazil, Malaysia etc. Technological advancement has been the key factor behind the improvement of transportation and communication. In order to engage in international business, companies need to have proper international marketing strategies. As international markets bring new opportunities and threats, appropriate strategies could help them to overcome possible difficulties in the international markets. Also, international companies need to respond to customer needs and wants by adapting existing product or by bringing new product to the market. (Bradley, 2002). International marketing exists all around us due to the globalization and provides new opportunities and challenges for marketers around the world. (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON COMPANIES MARKETING STRATEGIES According to Czinkota Samli (2007), Globalization enables international marketing to take place all around us, and to continuously offer new opportunities and challenges. Successful economies are always driven by customer needs and wants. The bureaucratic plans do not play an important role there. On the other hand, a firm must have a strategic response to the challenges of global market. Companies which are expanding their business in domestic market need to choose an appropriate strategy suitable to their situation. Since a global company is involved in many countries economy, it brings the idea of standardizing the marketing activities. The recent trend in globalization encourages the companies as well as countries to engage more in world trade activities. World exports were three times higher in 1998 than 1950; according to a WTO estimate, in 2001 this ratio was 29 per cent and in 2005 it was 27 per cent comparing to 12.5 per cent in 1970 and 17 per cent in 1990. In spite of 11 September attack in the USA the world economy is still achieving a rapid growth (Held Mcgrew, 2007). Also, Czinkota and Samli (2007) suggest that the base of globalization has two dimensions. The first one deal with deregulation, decentralization, the development of electronic data transfer and the other is characterised by capital flow, information and technological development. These features accelerate globalization, which enable companies to engage in international trade activity. Thus globalization provides a powerful foundation for international marketing to make progress. CO-MARKETING ALLIANCES According to Hewang and Burgers (1997, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), one of the recent trends to overcome the globalization effects has been the formation of marketing alliances. As companies around the world are restructuring their business to meet the global threats co-marketing alliances can bring greater success in the international marketing performances. In simple words, Anderson and Narus (1990, cited by Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) defines Co-marketing alliances as a form of working partnership with mutual recognition and understanding that the success of each firm depends in part on the other firm. Its a contractual relationship between the two firms, whose respective products acts as complimentary products, in the market. The purpose of such relationship is to intensify and/or build awareness, about benefits of such complementarities. The co-ordination between firms can be extended into product development, product and even research development. Also, according to Hoskisson et al. (2004, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), co-marketing alliances are a particular type of strategic alliance which is a business level competitive strategy. The primary focus of such alliance is to create a competitive advantage in the international market. It is also called horizontal complementary strategic alliance. The main objective of such alliance formation is to maximize the companies profit by utilizing their resources and capabilities. Co-marketing alliances also helps firms to gain better market position through increasing sales and market share. The following figure explains the relationship between co-marketing alliance, globalization effects and international marketing performance. Global Competitive environment Global Market Uncertainty Cooperation in Co-Marketing Alliance International Marketing Performance Global Market Opportunities Figure1.4 Conceptual relationship of globalization effects, cooperation and performance. Source. Adapted from (Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj ,2004). Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj (2004) suggest there are two kinds of globalization effects. They are global market opportunities and global market threats. Global market opportunities encourage the mergers of different firms, by combining their resources; from which, more powerful and larger group can emerge. Such groups are capable of providing a complete range of new product and services and thus gain the customer preferences. In United States, Citigroup and Travellers Group have merged together and have become one of the most successful financial service providers in the world. Also, powerful companies like General motor is attacking different sector by offering credit cards.(Doole Lowe, 1999) On the other hand, Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj (2004) also suggest global market threat could be classified into two categories. It is consists of global market uncertainty as well as the intensity and the level of competition. Global market threats are increasing due to, the easy access opportunity in the international markets. However, Co-marketing alliance does have significant management challenges, in spite of its potential contribution. There are chances of disagreement between partners, as they often tend to compete with each other in terms of product lines and occasionally, even those covered by co-marketing agreement. In fact, there is a high possibility of opportunism as one of the partners may use the other to gain market position only; or may be to build technological skills from the knowledge of the others intellectual property. (Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) STANDARDISATION VERSUS ADAPTATION Its been a long time, since the two opposing international marketing strategies have been debated upon standardisation versus adaptation of products. Standardization means selling essentially the same product in all markets. The advantage of standardisation is low costs, as designing, manufacturing and distributing same product across countries involves less of investment. However, selling identical products across borders may be undesirable due to differences in the legal environments, distribution channels, climates, topography, levels of market and technological development, and competitive and cultural factors. As customers of different countries have different requirements, a standardised product might not be able to satisfy all customers. (Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004) On the other hand, product adaptation refers to the degree to which the physical characteristics or attributes of a product and its packaging differs across national markets (Cavusgil et al., 1993 cited by Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004). Though customising products for different markets increases cost, the adapted products are more likely to fit the needs of the varied range of customers of different countries and become more acceptable; but would command higher margins, generating greater revenues. For example, Procter Gambles (PG) Oil of Olay skin moisturizer has different type of product in different countries, based on research of the need of customers in those countries; instead of just changing the language on the bottle of the same product. Doole and Lowe (1999) suggests within the elements of marketing management products or service image or marketing objective and strategies can be standardised easily than pricing or distribution. Pricing Differentiation Distribution Sales force Sales promotion Product Image Objective strategy Standardisation A firm taking a global approach means they are standardising their marketing activities to some extent and the firms who have multi-domestic approach means they adopt totally different policy for every single market. In one of the important studies on this topic, Cavusgil et al. (1993) concluded that it is difficult to make blanket statements about suitable standardization/adaptation strategy without an examination of (these factors). The preferable option for firms is to take such a strategy which is a mixture of standardisation as well as adaptation of the different elements of marketing management programmes. Most companies around the world globalise some elements of the marketing mix while localising others and they use a combination of multi-domestic, global or regional, and transitional strategies. Many international firms find it difficult to optimally balance standardizing and adapting their marketing, specifically the marketing strategies, across national borders, in order to be successful. Also, in the process of internationalisation, firms need to find the correct approach towards globalisation, regionalisation and localisation of business activities, in general, along with finding a way to transfer the approach to their marketing strategies level (Stefan Schmid and Thomas Kotulla, 2011).

Magnetic Disks :: essays research papers fc

Magnetic Disks (Hard Disk)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of magnetic disks is one that involves many physics related phenomenon. The intricate structure and design of â€Å"Magnetic Disks† (or hard disks) in computers include the principles of Fluid Flow, Rotational Motion, Electromagnetism, and more. This paper will focus mainly on the previously listed physics occurrences, and the design that goes into engineering the magnetic disk to include them. These physics principles are utilized in such a way that makes the hard disk a very common and useful tool, in this day and age. To most people, the magnetic disk is the most important, yet most mysterious, part of a computer system. A hard disk is a seal unit that holds computer data in the form of magnetic patterns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before understanding the physics principles, one must understand the physical design that induces them. A magnetic disk is a flat, circular, rigid sheet of aluminum coated with a layer of magnetic material (can be double sided). The material usually is a form of iron oxide with various other elements added. The disk rotates upon a central axis and a movable read/write head writes information along concentric tracks (circular paths traced out by motion of the disk) on it. Multiple disks can be stacked to store more information. Typically (1985) 11 disks with 22 surfaces, of which 20 are used (minus top/bottom), are manipulated to read/write data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"head†, or device used to transmit data onto the magnetic disks, is an important part of the hard disk and composes most of the physics happenings. Current is passed through the head or in the physic’s case, the conductor, to produce a magnetic field around the conductor. This magnetic field then can influence the disk’s magnetic material. The head is driven by an electric motor, using electromagnetism, to exert pushing and pulling forces on magnets to the rotating shaft. In some cases the head moves to a required area on the disk, and the motion of the magnetized surface induces tiny voltage. This voltage is concentrated in the coil of the read head, and can be interpreted as the data stored on the magnetic disk. When the direction of the flow of electric current is reversed, the magnetic field’s polarity is reversed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The head is mounted in a â€Å"slipper† (or holder) positioned above the disk at 0.5-2.5 microns from the surface. When the disk is revolving around its axis, an air current creates a velocity gradient with the surface and air.